An English web summary of report v2.2, with explicit methodology, verifiable sources and a preserved Zenodo record.
The report reads Tungurahua as a territorial and cultural system. It separates documentary evidence, oral tradition, editorial interpretation and tourism narrative.
Its method combines chronology, institutional sources, web archives and comparative analysis of stories and tourism transformations.
Hot springs, pilgrimage, nature tourism and a connection between the highlands and Amazon.
Pailón del Diablo, the Pastaza corridor and transformations in local balsa-wood craft.
Crafts, agriculture, furniture-making and productive landscapes that broaden the provincial picture.
Eruptive episodes became part of local stories of protection and memory.
Renewed activity at Tungurahua led to the displacement of the entire population.
The return of residents became a landmark of civic organisation and resilience.
The visitor economy expanded through adventure, viewpoints and themed experiences.
Hot springs have material, historical and tourism dimensions. The volcano is also interpreted through scientific, religious and symbolic frameworks that should not be treated as the same type of evidence.
Scientific: volcano monitoring, hazards and risk management.
Cultural: devotion, memory, oral tradition and relationships with the mountain.
A symbol can become a handmade object, a place to visit, a narrative and a tourism product. The report observes this transition in the contemporary duende phenomenon and in the spread of “magical” attractions.
The central criterion is traceability: who created it, when it appeared, what documentation exists and how institutions participate.